GK : HISTORY OF BOTSWANA

Bechuanaland was the former name of Botswana.Botswana is a landlocked country in southern Africa.It was formerly known as the British Protectorate of Bechuanaland.When it became independent withn the commenwealth on 30th September 1966 it changed its  name to Botswana. Bechuanaland means the country of Tswana.

Flag of Botswana(wikipiedia)

Botswana has a population of over 2 million people.It is a sparsely populated country. 70 percent of Botswana is covered by the Kalahari Desert.

The protectorate of Bechuanaland: 1885-1966
When the region north of the Molopo river is made the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, in 1885, the expectation is that it will merge eventually with Cape Colony to the south - or, after the success of Rhodes's venture in the early 1890s, with Rhodesia to the north. This intention is frustrated by the resolute action of a tribal chief who sees the implicit dangers for his people. Khama III, king of the Ngwato and a convert to Christianity, travels in 1895 to London with two other local chieftains. They persuade the colonial secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, to promise their region the continuing protection of the crown. In return he extracts a strip of their territory for construction of the railwayto the north.
Inevitably the tribal areas become dependent economically on their rich neighbours, providing migrant labour for both the Transvaal and the Cape colony. After the union of South Africa, in 1910, there is frequent pressure from Cape politicians to annexe Bechuanaland. But the British government holds to Chamberlain's pledge, confirming in 1935 that no transfer of sovereignty will take place without the agreement both of the people of Bechuanaland and of the British government. Nevertheless Westminster's tacit collusion in the politics of South Africa becomes evident in a case which wins world-wide attention in 1950 - that of Seretse Khama, grandson of Khama III and heir to the leadership of the Ngwato.
Seretse, while studying at Oxford, marries a British woman, Ruth Williams. This causes consternation in South Africa, where just two years previously the new Nationalist government has introduced apartheid laws against sexual relationships between different races. Under South African pressure the British ban Seretse Khama and his wife from Bechuanaland. It is six years before Seretse is allowed to return - as a private citizen, still banned from inheriting the tribal kingship. But in 1965, when internal self-government is introduced, he takes his place at last at the head of his nation. By now Sir Seretse Khama, is he elected Bechuanaland's first prime minister.
Independence: from1966
In the spirit of the 1960s, when the British empire is being rapidly dismantled, independence follows only a year after Bechuanaland's internal self-government. The new republic takes the name Botswana, with Seretse Khama as its first president. During the 1970s Botswana allies itself with other independent nations of the region (first Zambia and Tanzania, and subsequently Mozambique and Angola) to put pressure on Rhodesia and South Africa to introduce majority rule. With increasing unrest in the white-dominated nations, Botswana receives a flood of refugees, many of them politically active. This results in frequent raids from South Africa during the 1980s.
Seretse Khama dies in 1980 and is succeeded as president by his deputy, Ketumile Masire. Masire remains president for most of the next two decades, being elected for a new five-year term in 1994. He steps down in 1998 and is succeeded by his vice-president, Festus Mogae. Ever since independence a majority of seats in the national assembly has been won by the Botswana Democratic Party, founded in 1965 by Seretse Khama. But the elections have been fair, and the Botswana National Front (also dating from 1965) has provided a genuine opposition. Botswana's relative wealth, from the export of diamonds, and the wise leadership of two long-serving presidents have given the republic an unusually stable record.

Pakistan , Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are semi-autonomous tribal region in northwestern Pakistan bordered by Afghanistan to the north and west with the border marked by the Durand Line, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the east, and Balochistan to the south. It comprise 7 tribal agencies (districts) and 6 frontier regions.The seven Tribal Areas lie in a north-to-south strip : Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, North Waziristan, South Waziristan, and is adjacent to the west side of the six Frontier Regions, which also lie in a north-to-south strip : Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan. Pashtuns are dominant population in these areas. Historically these areas are disputed with Afghanistan which also claims the territory.

People of FATA are represented in the Parliament of Pakistan by their elected representatives both in National Assembly(12)  and the Senate(8)  but has no representation in the Provincial Assembly of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Political activity was an alien concept in FATA till 2011 when the Political Parties Order (2002) was extended to the seven tribal agencies. Till 2011, no political activity was allowed in FATA and parties were not allowed to have units in the tribal agencies.

ADMINISTRATION
FATA are directly (under executive orders) governed by Pakistan's federal government (Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa -formerly NWFP ,on behalf of the President) through a special set of laws called the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) and none of their legislators elected can actually legislate for FATA. The Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly has no power in FATA, and can only exercise its powers in Provincially Administered Tribal Areas that are part of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The Civil Secretariat FATA was established to take over decision-making functions of developmental projects ( by Line department). The KPK Governor Secretariat plays a coordinating role for interaction between the federal and provincial governments and the Civil Secretariat FATA.

Each tribal agency is administered by a political agent, assisted by a number of assistant political agents and oversees the working of line departments and service providers. He is responsible for handling inter-tribal disputes over boundaries or the use of natural resources, and for regulating the trade in natural resources with other agencies or the settled areas.The political agent plays a supervisory role for development projects and chairs an agency development sub-committee, comprising various government officials, to recommend proposals and approve development projects. He also serves as project coordinator for rural development schemes.

The Jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Court of Pakistan does not extend to FATA and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA), according to Article 247 and Article 248, of existing 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. All civil and criminal cases in FATA are decided under the Frontier Crimes Regulation 1901 by a jirga (council of elders). Residents of the tribal areas may, however, approach the apex courts (Supreme Court of Pakistan and Peshawar High Court) with a constitutional writ challenging a decision issued under the 1901 Regulation. FATA is divided into two administrative categories: protected areas are regions under the direct control of the government, while non-protected areas are administered indirectly through local tribes.

FATA elects members to the federal legislature through adult franchise. The system of devolution introduced elsewhere in the country in 2001 by means of provincial Local Government Ordinances (LGOs) has not been extended to the tribal areas. A separate LGO for FATA has been drafted and is awaiting promulgation. A system of partial local-level governance does, however, operate through councils in the tribal agencies and FRs. Elected councilors are involved in various aspects of development planning and decision making.

Cloze Test in English

Rearrange the following sentences in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the questions given below them.

Ques. 1 

(A) To elaborate briefly on these characteristics and dimensions that the authority is talking about - NRMs are general tests intended to be used to classify students by percentile for measuring either aptitude or proficiency for admission into or placement within a programme.


(B) Contrastingly, the CRM, such as a locally produced achievement test, measures absolute performance that is compared only with the learning objective, hence a perfect score is theoretically obtainable by all students who have a mastery of the pre-specified material, or conversely, all students may fail the test.

(C) In most of these books, the authors classify a measurement strategy as either norm- referenced (NRM) or criterion referenced (CRM).

(D) Another author points out how the type of interpretation that an NRM offers is the relative performance of the students compared with that of all the others resulting in, ideally, a bell curve distribution.

(E) Numerous books on constructing and using language tests have been written by various authors.

(F) CRMs, on the other hand, are more specific, achievement or diagnostic tests intended to be used for motivating students by measuring to what percent they have achieved mastery of the taught or learned material.

(G) One of the authors clearly delineates the differences of these two types by focusing on the categories of "test characteristics" and "logistical dimensions".

1. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 
(1) A
(2) B
(3) D
(4) E
(5) C

2. Which of the following should be the LAST sentence after rearrangement? 
(1) B
(2) E
(3) C
(4) A
(5) D

3. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? 
(1) D
(2) B
(3) C
(4) E
(5) F

4. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? 
(1) C
(2) A
(3) D
(4) G
(5) B

5. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? 
(1) E
(2) C
(3) G
(4) D
(5) A

Ques. 2
(A) the incremental loans to the basic metals and metal product industry, which account for another 14.5% of loans to industry and over 80% of the increase in loans to industry this fiscal is accounted for.

(B) RBI decision to publish data on sectoral deployment of hank credit every month will provide much needed detail.

(C) Of the tote increase in non-food credit, infrastructure loans accounted for 37%. 

(D) For instance, the data show that while bank credit to industry increased by 11.7% this year, as much as two-thirds of that increase is on account of lending to infrastructure.

(E) This will help us to gauge which sector of the economy are doing well.

1. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement? 

(1) A

(2) B

(3) D

(4) E

(5) C

2. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement? 

(1) B

(2) E

(3) C

(4) A

(5) D

3. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement? 

(1) D

(2) B

(3) C

(4) E

(5) A

4. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement? 

(1) C

(2) A

(3) D

(4) E

(5) B

5. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement? 

(1) E

(2) C

(3) B

(4) A

(5) D

ANSWERS
1. 4
2. 1
3. 1
4. 1
5. 3
6. 2
7. 3
8. 5
9. 3
10. 1

GK Facts : You will live your billionth second when you are 31 years old

You will live your billionth second when you are 31 years old.Some of you reading this might have passed your billionth second if are your age is 31 or more,for those who haven't wait for the moment.

Still not sure ,

Lets do math 
100000000 seconds=277777.778 hours=11574.014 days dividing it by 365.25 we get 31.688  years.

When will you be ONE BILLION seconds old? Or indeed, when were you ONE BILLION seconds old? ONE BILLION seconds is just over 31 years, if you enter the time and date of your birth, the system will work out the date that marks the passing of ONE BILLION seconds!

Indian army, Air Force & Navy Commands

Commands of Indian army, Air Force & Navy

(A) Army 
        Command                      Headquarter
1. Western Command-          Chandigarh
2. Eastern Command -             Kolkata
3. Northern Command-      Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir
4. Southern Command             Pune
5. Central Command               Lucknow
6. Army Training Command    Shimla
7. South Western Command   Jaipur

(B) Air Force

1. Western Command            New Delhi
2. Central Command              Allahabad
3. Eastern Command               Shillong
4. South Western Command  Jodhpur
5. Training Command            Banaglore
6. Maintenance Command       Nagpur
7. Southern Command       Thiruvananthpuram

(C) Navy

1. Eastern Command          Vishakhapatnam
2. Southern Command            Kochi
3. Western Command            Mumbai

Strategic Forces command and the Andaman and Nicobar Command are tri service commands i.e. integrated commands. All three Air Force , Army and Navy manages it as integrated command.

Quant Quiz for all Exams

Directions (1 – 5) In each of the these questions a number series is given. After the series a number is given followed by (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). You have to complete the series starting with the given number following the sequence of original series and answer the questions that follow the series. 

1.

 What will come in place of (c)?
(1) 660
(2) 495
(3) 656
(4) 493
(5) None of these


2.

What will come in place of (e)?
(1) 374
(2) 373
(3) 382
(4) 383
(5) 385

3.

What will come in place of (d)?
(1) 35
(2) 33
(3) 43
(4) 45
(5) None of these

4.

What will come in place of (c)?
(1) 49
(2) 47
(3) 57
(4) 55
(5) 69

5.

What will come in place of (b)?
(1) 80
(2) 90
(3) 95
(4) 88
(5) None of these

Directions (6-10): Following line graph shows the percentage profit of two companies A and B in the period of 2000-2005.

6. If the expenditure of Company A and Company B is 20 lakhs and 15 lakhs respectively in 2000 then what is the sum of their income in the same year?
1) 36.4 lakhs
2) 40.4 lakhs
3) 44.6 lakhs
4) 48 lakhs
5) None of these

7. In year 2004 the percentage profit of Company B is what percentage of percentage profit of Company A?
1) 120%
2) 125%
3) 136%
4) 150%
5) None of these

8. If in year 2003 the expenditure of Company A and Company B are 36 lakhs and 40 lakhs respectively then what is the average profit they gain?
1) 5 lakhs
2) 6 lakhs
3) 7 lakhs
4) 7.5 lakhs
5) 8.5 lakhs

9. If the income of Company A in 2001 and Company B’s in 2001 is 30 lakhs each then what is the total expenditure of Company A in 2001 and Company B in the same year?
1) 56 lakhs
2) 52 lakhs
3) 50 lakhs
4) 49 lakhs
5) 48 lakhs

10. If the income of Company A in year 2002 is 80 lakhs then what is the expenditure of Company B in the same year?
1) 76 lakhs
2) 72 lakhs
3) 70 lakhs
4) 64 lakhs
5) Cannot be determined


ANSWERS
Solutions (1-5)

1.
(2) First number series
4 x 5 + 5 = 25
25 x 4 + 4 = 104
104 x 3 + 3 = 315
315 x 2 + 2 = 632
Therefore: 7 x 5 + 5 = 40 (a)
40 x 4 + 4 = 164 (b)
164 x 3 + 3 = 495 (c)

2.
(4) First number series
7 x 2 + 1 = 15
15 x 2 + 1 = 31
31 x 2 + 1 = 63
Therefore:
11 x 2 + 1 = 23 (a)
23 x 2 + 1 = 47 (b)
47 x 2 + 1 = 95 (c)
95 x 2 + 1 = 191 (d)
191 x 2 + 1 = 383 (e)

3.
(1) First number series
9 x 0.5 + 0.5 = 4.5 + 0.5 = 5
5 x 1 + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6
6 x 1.5 + 1.5 = 9 +1.5 = 10.5
Therefore:
17 x 0.5 + 0.5 = 8.5 + 0.5 = 9 (a)
9 x 1 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10 (b)
10 x 1.5 + 1.5 = 15 +1.5 = 16.5 (c)
16.5 x 2 + 2 = 33 + 2 = 35 (d)

4.
(3) First number series
3 x 1 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 4
4 x 2 + 22 = 8 + 4 = 12
12 x 3 + 32 = 36 + 9 = 45
Therefore,
5 x 1 + 12 = 5 + 1 = 6 (a)
6x 2 + 22 = 12 + 4 = 16 (b)
16 x 3 + 32 = 48 + 9 = 57 (c)
5.
(5) First number series
5 x  6  - 6 = 30 – 6 = 24
24 x 5  - 5 = 120 – 5 = 115
115 x 4  - 4 = 460 – 4 = 456
Therefore,
4 x 6  - 6 = 24 – 6 = 18 (a)
18 x 5  - 5 = 90 – 5 = 85 (b)

Solutions (6 – 10)

6. (3);
In 2000,  Profit of A = 30%
Profit of B = 24%
For A, Profit = (Expenditure * Profit%)/100
= (20*30)/100 = 6 lakhs
Income = 20 + 6 = 26 lakhs
For B, Profit = (15*24)/100 = 3.6 lakhs
Income = 15 + 3.6 = 18.6 lakhs
Total = 26 + 18.6 = 44.6 lakhs

7. (4);
In 2004, Percentage profit of A = 16%
Percentage profit of B = 24%
% = (15*24)/100  = 150%

8. (4);
In 2003, Percentage profit of A = 25%
Expenditure of A = 36 lakh
Profit of A = (25*36)/100 = 9
In 2003, Percentage profit of B = 15%
Expenditure of B = 40 lakhs
Profit of B = (40*15)/100 = 6
Average = (9+6)/2 = 7.5 lakhs

9. (4);
In 2001, Percentage profit of A = 25%
Income of A = 30 lakhs
Expenditure of A = (30*100)/125 = 24lakhs
In 2001, Percentage profit of B = 20%
Income of B = 30 lakhs
Expenditure of B =  (30*100)/120 = 25 lakhs
Total Expenditure  = 49 lakhs

10. (5);
By given data we cannot find the expenditure of B in 2002.